The section of the spinal column called the thoracic spine begins below the cervical spine (C7, neck), roughly at shoulder level and continues downward until it reaches the first level of the low back (L1, lumbar spine). A total of 726 phenotyped pigs as well as 188 parents of phenotyped pigs were genotyped for NV024 and NV090, and the remaining 1166 phenotyped animals had their genotypes imputed. If the adjacent regions were associated with the same vertebra trait, then the associations are likely due to a single causative gene based on strong linkage disequilibrium values (r2 > 0.99) between SNP markers with the largest estimated effects. Candidate genes in TGF-beta superfamily members were also detected. Weight and ultrasound estimated backfat thickness was recorded at 22 weeks of age on 3182 pigs and the model fit contemporary group and sex as fixed effects, age as a covariate and vertebra number analyzed as a covariate and as a categorical variable in separate analyses. Wolc A, Arango J, Settar P, Fulton JE, O’Sullivan NP, Preisinger, et al. The majority of the thoracic vertebrae articulate with both the head (capitulum) and tubercle of a rib. [7] within the USMARC and a Duroc-Landrace F2 population had not been previously reported. Mikawa S, Sato S, Nii M, Morozumi T, Yoshioka G, Imaeda N, et al. Identification of carcass and meat quality QTL in an F2 Duroc x Pietrain pig resource population using different least-squares analysis models. PubMed  Finally, the HoxC cluster (SSC 5:19 Mb) appears to have a small effect on number of lumbar vertebrae. These animals were also phenotyped for kyphosis. Anim Genet. Bayesian genome-wide association analyses were conducted using GenSel version 4.61R (www.animalgenome.org/community/projects/BIGS/). This was evident for the adjacent regions of SSC 5: 70 and 71 Mb (RIB) and SSC 6:102 and 103 Mb (TLV). After data editing, 41,148 SNP markers were included in the GWA analysis. GAR collected phenotypic and genotypic data and wrote the manuscript. What Are Spinal Nerves and Their Functions? Approaches to interval mapping of QTL in a multigenerational pedigree: the example of porcine chromosome 4. Direct transcriptional repression of Zfp423 by Zfp521 mediates a bone morphogenic protein-dependent osteoblast versus adipocyte lineage commitment switch. Few species exhibit phenotypic variation for these traits and likely do not possess genetic variation. The power to detect QTL in this study is quite high as it has the most phenotyped animals within a single population and utilized over 40,000 genetic markers. The domestic pig is one such species where variation exists for vertebrae numbers. The puzzle of Hox genes. 1996;30:529–56. 2012;43 Suppl 1:87–96. Genes Dev. [14] and applied to Illumina Porcine SNP60 BeadChips [15] (Illumina Inc., San Diego, CA) per manufacturer’s instructions. The thoracic spine is unique in relation to other segments of the spine because pairs of rib bones extend from the spaces between its 12 vertebrae. Animals with more TLV grew faster (P < 0.03), but no other associations with growth were observed. Rees Evans [7] found that sows with more vertebrae had a higher incidence of stillborn piglets. Vertnin genotype significantly affected vertebral counts as well. If this presumption is correct, then animals with more thoracolumbar vertebra were not suffering from issues with mobility. Regulation of vertebral column development in pigs is controlled by numerous genes. Spinal nerves produce movements, collect sensory information or provide automatic signals from the brainstem to the body. Paszek AA, Wilkie PJ, Flickinger GH, Miller LM, Louis CF, Rohrer GA, et al. 2015;10, e0133529. The lumbar vertebrae are the largest bones in the spinal column and support a great deal of body weight. The thoracic spine has 12 vertebrae, which are numbered from T1 through T12. J Anim Breed Genet. PubMed  Carcass and meat quality traits. Therefore, the objective of this study was to search for additional loci that affect vertebra numbers in a commercial composite swine population containing Duroc, Landrace and Yorkshire germplasm and determine if vertebra number is associated with animal performance or kyphosis. PubMed  The 13 thoracic vertebrae (T1–T13) Fig. All but one (19 Mb) significantly affected number of thoracolumbar vertebra. Mikawa S, Morozumi T, Shimanuki S-I, Hayashi T, Uenishi H, Domukai M, et al. Growth rate was associated (P < 0.03) with TLV but neither of the other two vertebra counts. Article  © 2020 BioMed Central Ltd unless otherwise stated. Therefore, it shouldn’t be surprising that three of the QTL discovered are located where a cluster of Hox genes are located. Genomic DNA was extracted from tail tissue of all animals as described by Schneider et al. McPherron AC, Lawler AM, Lee S-J. 1969;76:448–53. Genome-wide association analysis and genetic architecture of egg weight and egg uniformity in layer chickens. Animals were from a closed commercial-type composite population created by mating Duroc and Landrace boars to Yorkshire-Landrace composite females. Ren and coworkers [19] also reported a QTL spanning SSC 7:103 Mb for LUM. 1968;10:359–72. Within significant windows, the SNP marker with the largest estimated effect was reported. Google Scholar. Surprisingly, a dramatic amount of variation exists in swine for a trait where most species exhibit no variation. One of the most confusing parts of the human body is the spine. PubMed  Therefore, it should not be surprising that the phenotypic variation observed in the pig may be due to a small set of genes. It provides attachments for the rib cage and provides stability for the upper body. PubMed Central  The thoracic vertebrae are prone to problems such as stress and strain, especially given their lack of a range of motion. Schneider JF, Nonneman DJ, Wiedmann RT, Vallet JL, Rohrer GA. Genomewide association and identification of candidate genes for ovulation rate in swine. The percentage of stillborn piglets was analyzed with vertebra counts fitted similarly to weight and backfat analyses.

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