), Following were Creoles (0.8%), Chinese (0.6%), Greek (0.5%), Portuguese (0.5%), Romanian (0.4%), Vietnamese (0.3%), and Russian (0.3%). Strongly influenced by the presence of the Catholic Church, the development of the religious history of Quebec is provided by organizations like the Council of the religious heritage of Quebec. Geologically, the lowlands formed as a rift valley about 100 million years ago and are prone to infrequent but significant earthquakes. From a word starting with the letter "Q", from English Quebec, from French Québec, from Algonquin kepék. The debate over the status of Quebec is a highly animated one to this day. In 1977, the newly elected Parti Québécois government of René Lévesque introduced the Charter of the French Language. However, it is still below the replacement fertility rate of 2.1. [72] It was the first province of New France. [70] These people traded fur and food and sometimes warred with each other. After his loss in the referendum, Lévesque went back to Ottawa to start negotiating a new constitution with Trudeau, his minister of Justice Jean Chrétien and the nine other provincial premiers. Quebec nationalism has been one expression of this perspective. Although primarily intended for the transport of goods through companies such as the Canadian National (CN) and the Canadian Pacific (CP), the Quebec railway network is also used by inter-city passengers via Via Rail Canada and Amtrak. Quebec has had over 9,469 scientific publications in the sector of medicine, biomedical research and engineering since the year 2000. Development and security of land transportation in Canada are provided by the ministère des Transports du Québec. [163] Approximately 52% of Canadian companies in these sectors are based in Quebec, mainly in Montreal and Quebec City. The provincial debt-to-GDP ratio peaked at 50.7% in fiscal year 2012–2013, and is projected to decline to 33.8% in 2023–2024. Mavis Gallant, born in Quebec, lived in Paris from the 1950s onward. [164], The mining industry accounted for 6.3% of Quebec's GDP. Early variations in the spelling of the name included Québecq (Levasseur, 1601) and Kébec (Lescarbot, 1609). [207][208] The energy balance of Quebec has undergone a large shift over the past 30 years. The Quebec Act of 1774 expanded the territory of the province to include the Great Lakes and the Ohio River Valley and south of Rupert's Land, more or less restoring the borders previously existing under French rule before the Conquest of 1760. It supports creation, innovation, production, and international exhibits for all cultural fields of Quebec. [221] While the Association of Producers and Directors of Quebec (APDQ) represents the business of filmmaking and television, the Association of Community Radio Broadcasters of Quebec (ARCQ) (French acronym) represents the independent radio stations. At the request of Premier Robert Bourassa, Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau invoked the War Measures Act. With the exception of the small islands of Saint Pierre and Miquelon, located off the coast of Newfoundland, France ceded its North American possessions to Great Britain through the Treaty of Paris (1763) in favour of gaining the island of Guadeloupe for its then-lucrative sugar cane industry. Legitimate exceptions are Montreal and Quebec. [217] Quebec traditional music is currently provided by various contemporary groups seen mostly during Christmas and New Year's Eve celebrations, Quebec National Holiday and many local festivals. [78] First Nations traded their furs for many French goods such as metal objects, guns, alcohol, and clothing. The island of Montreal houses most of the allophone and anglophone population, as well as most English-language institutions. Afable, Patricia O. and Madison S. Beeler (1996). In a similar way, the Association of Film and Television in Quebec (APFTQ) promotes independent production in film and television. Some livestock have the title of "Québec heritage breed", namely the Canadian horse, the Chantecler chicken and the Canadian cow. Among the birds commonly seen in the southern inhabited part of Quebec, there are the American robin, the house sparrow, the red-winged blackbird, the mallard, the common grackle, the blue jay, the American crow, the black-capped chickadee, some warblers and swallows, the starling and the rock pigeon, the latter two having been introduced in Quebec and are found mainly in urban areas. The provincial GDP in 2010 was C$319,348 billion,[147] which makes Quebec the second largest economy in Canada. In that year, the Legislative Council was abolished and the Legislative Assembly was renamed the National Assembly. [193] It is therefore considered as the most sensitive camera in the world. On June 27, 1775, General George Washington and his Continental Army invaded Canada in an attempt to conquer Quebec. [40] The climate of the province is largely determined by its latitude, maritime and elevation influences. When Samuel de Champlain founded Québec City in 1608, his ship hoisted the merchant flag of a white cross on a blue background. The province's economic output was CA$439.3 billion in 2018, almost 20 percent of the Canada's total gross domestic product. There are also many successful plays from this literary category, such as Les Belles-sœurs and Broue (Brew). The knowledge sector represents about 30.9% of Quebec's GDP. This author will be part of the current of patriotic literature (also known as the "poets of the country" and literary identity) that will arise after the Patriots Rebellion of 1837–1838. Britannica English: Translation of Quebec for Arabic Speakers.

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